Biography of Woodrow Wilson, 28th U.S. President

Biography of Woodrow Wilson, 28th U.S. President Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856–February 3, 1924) was the 28th president of the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921. Prior to that, Wilson was the governor of New Jersey. Although he won reelection with the slogan He kept us out of war, Wilson was the commander-in-chief when the country finally entered World War I on April 6, 1917. Fast Facts: Woodrow Wilson Known For: Wilson was the president of the United States from 1913 to 1921.Born: December 28, 1856 in Staunton, VirginiaParents: Joseph Ruggles Wilson, a Presbyterian Minister, and Janet Woodrow WilsonDied: February 3, 1924 in Washington, D.C.Education: Davidson College, Princeton University, University of Virginia, Johns Hopkins UniversityAwards and Honors: Nobel Peace PrizeSpouse(s): Ellen Axson (m. 1885–1914), Edith Bolling (m. 1915–1924)Children: Margaret, Jessie, Eleanor Early Life Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born on December 28, 1856, in Staunton, Virginia. He was the son of Joseph Ruggles Wilson, a Presbyterian Minister, and Janet Jessie Woodrow Wilson. He had two sisters and one brother. Shortly after Wilsons birth, his family soon moved to Augusta, Georgia, where Wilson was educated at home. In 1873, he went to Davidson College but soon dropped out due to health issues. He entered the College of New Jersey- now known as Princeton University- in 1875. Wilson graduated in 1879 and went on to study at the University of Virginia School of Law. He was admitted to the bar in 1882. Being a lawyer, however, was not to his liking, and Wilson soon returned to school with plans to become an educator. He eventually earned a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1886. Marriage On June 23, 1885, Wilson married Ellen Louis Axson, the daughter of a Presbyterian minister. They would eventually have three daughters: Margaret Woodrow Wilson, Jessie Woodrow Wilson, and Eleanor Randolph Wilson. Career Wilson served as a professor at  Bryn Mawr College  from 1885 to 1888 and then as a professor of history at Wesleyan University from 1888 to 1890. Wilson then became a professor of political economy at Princeton. In 1902, he was appointed president of Princeton University, a post he held until 1910. In 1911, Wilson was elected governor of New Jersey. In this position, he made a name for himself by passing progressive reforms, including laws to reduce public corruption. Presidential Election of 1912 By 1912, Wilson had become a popular figure in progressive politics and actively campaigned for the Democratic Partys presidential nomination. After reaching out to other leaders in the party, Wilson was able to secure the nomination, with Indiana governor Thomas Marshall as the vice presidential nominee. Wilson was opposed not only by incumbent President  William Taft  but also by  Bull Moose  candidate  Theodore Roosevelt. The Republican Party was divided between Taft and Roosevelt, allowing Wilson to easily win the presidency with 42% of the vote. (Roosevelt received 27% of the vote and Taft garnered 23%.) Presidency One of the first events of Wilsons presidency was the passage of the Underwood Tariff. This reduced tariff rates from 41 to 27 percent. It also created the  first federal income tax  after the passage of the 16th Amendment. In 1913, the Federal Reserve Act created the Federal Reserve system to help deal with economic highs and lows. It provided banks with loans and helped smooth out business cycles. In 1914, the Clayton Anti-Trust Act was passed to  improve labor rights. The law created protections for important labor negotiating tactics such as strikes, pickets, and boycotts. During this time, a revolution was occurring in Mexico. In 1914,  Venustiano Carranza  took over the Mexican government. However,  Pancho Villa  held much of northern Mexico. When Villa crossed into the United States in 1916 and killed 17 Americans, Wilson sent 6,000 troops under  General John Pershing  to the area. Pershing pursued Villa into Mexico, upsetting the Mexican government and Carranza. World War I  began in 1914 when  Archduke Francis Ferdinand  was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. Due to agreements made among  the European nations, many countries eventually joined the war. The  Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria- fought against the Allies, Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, Portugal, China, and Greece. America initially remained neutral, and Wilson was renominated to run for the presidency in 1916 on the first ballot along with Marshall as his vice president. He was opposed by Republican Charles Evans Hughes. The Democrats used the slogan, He kept us out of war, as they campaigned for Wilson. Hughes had a lot of support, but Wilson ultimately won in a close election with 277 out of 534 electoral votes. In 1917, the United States entered World War I on the side of the Allies. Two reasons were the sinking of the British ship  Lusitania,  which killed 120 Americans, and the Zimmerman telegram, which revealed that Germany was trying to get an agreement with Mexico to form an alliance if the United States entered the war. Pershing led American troops into battle, helping defeat the Central Powers. An armistice was signed on November 11, 1918. The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, blamed the war on Germany and demanded huge reparations. It also created a League of Nations. In the end, the U.S. Senate would not ratify the treaty and would never join the League. Death In 1921, Wilson retired in Washington, D.C. He was very sick. On February 3, 1924, he died of complications from a stroke. Legacy Woodrow Wilson played a huge role in determining if and when America would get involved in  World War I. He was an isolationist at heart who attempted to keep America out of the war. However, with the sinking of the Lusitania, the continued harassment of American ships by German submarines, and the release of the  Zimmerman Telegram, America would not be held back. Wilson fought for the creation of the  League of Nations  to help avert another world war; his efforts won him the 1919  Nobel Peace Prize. Sources Cooper, John Milton Jr.  Woodrow Wilson: a Biography. Random House, 2011.Maynard, W. Barksdale.  Woodrow Wilson: Princeton to the Presidency. Yale University Press, 2013.

Commodity Trade Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Commodity Trade Questions - Essay Example tions. Question two-International cocoa trade Types of cocoa production Cocoa produced in tropical or semitropical areas. Such climates found in Asia, Africa, and Latin America who form the principal producers of cocoa. The types of cocoa production are small-scale or large-scale production. An estimated 70% of world cocoa production comes from small-scale farmers. The number of small-scale farmers estimated to be 2.5 million with a yield of about 350kg per hectare. In this case, every farmer owns around 3 hectares (Interfax, 2011). Only 30% of cocoa production comes from large-scale farming. The leading countries in cocoa are West African countries as Ghana, Cote D’Ivoire, and Indonesia, forming 70% of the total coffee production. The other 30% collectively come from Asia, Latin America, Nigeria, Brazil, Cameroon, Malaysia, and Ecuador. By-products of cocoa The principal by-product of cocoa is chocolate. However, cocoa is processed to produce many other products such as Berge nfield cocoa powders, Bergenfield coffee cacao nibs, cafiesa cocoa products, chocolate covertures, dried fruit, edible nuts, and seed flour. Other products include organic cocoa products such as spices, extracts and emulsifiers, sugars, stevia, and sweeteners. Some toppings, sauces, drops, snacks, and cold pickings are by-products of cocoa. Consumption patterns Demand level determines consumption pattern, and the volume of cocoa processed each year judges the demand. Two-thirds of all cocoa, ground in the chocolate consuming countries, where, the US is the world’s largest consumer of chocolate. The consumption level followed decreasingly: by Germany, United Kingdom, and France, Russian Federation, Japan and Brazil. International transportation and trade on the markets. The Cocoa Producers Alliance (CPA) eliminates international transportation of 10% of the cocoa production due to low-grade cocoa. Markets have agreed to destroy non-quality cocoa. This is made possible by intro ducing levies on farmers and exporters to finance the destruction plan and compensate growers for their losses. Only quality cocoa products transported internationally and traded. Question three- standard clauses Odd day clause- A clause that states that any month containing an odd number of days, the middle day recognized as belonging to both halves of the month. Arbitration clause- Any misunderstanding arising out of the contract referred to court of arbitration in London, or elsewhere (as agreed) in accordance to the rules of arbitration (Interfax, 2011). The appeal of the trade organizations takes effect at the date of the contract and of which both parties deemed to be cognizant. International conventions clause- it is a clause holding tree rules: The uniform law on sales and the uniform law on formation given by the uniform law on international sales act, shall not apply to the contract. The United Nations convention on contracts for the international sale of goods of 1980 sha ll not apply in the contract. The United Nations convention on the limitation period in the international

How Society was Developed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How Society was Developed - Essay Example The norms can vary from one society to the other. When we were born, we found the society following the laws and it is our mandate to follow these laws. Therefore, we can ask ourselves how the society was formed from the ancient times until we are not following the suit. Most of our ancient leaders like Plato and Confucius can help us understand how the societies were developed. Some other leaders also like Moses and Hammurabi can help us in explaining how the laws were made until people in the society will adhere to them. Views from these prominent leaders therefore, will help us understand how the society was developed. Since the society cannot progress without some stated laws, the leaders’ views will also help us in determining how the laws were used to govern people in the society. According to Plato and Confucius, there were many factors that helped in creation of the society. These two well-known scholars had similar opinions on how the society was formed. On the other hand, the two leaders also had different opinions on the same issue on creation of the society. Similarities in their opinions were because they both had same occupation, teachers, in their lifetime. The differences might have been caused by the different backgrounds in which each of the leaders was brought up in (Wolf, 2005). Confucius is one the well-known Chinese philosophers in history. He was both an educator and a philosopher (Wolf, 2005). Through his education, he was able to influence many people and students in the East Asia. His teachings were very influential more especially to his students. He taught for most of his lifetime. His family was very poor and his father died when he was just 3 years old. He also lost his mother when he was seventeen. Due to her poor background, he was not able to support himself in terms of education. He was forced to have private education. These challenges made him work harder in order to achieve his goals in education. He familiarized hims elf with reading, writing, music and art. Later, his life changed when he was employed as a teacher. On the other, Plato was born into a well-established family. His parents were related to the sixth century kings. He did have to struggle in life Confucius. He spent most of his time teaching in his academy. He taught the youth on matters concerning society ethics and government control. However, these two philosophers have some views on the way the societies were developed during the World Civilization of 1500 (Wolf, 2005). They have similar belief on how societies were developed in the ancient times. They both believed that, for a society to be developed, superior leaders must come together. These two leaders must possess superior wisdom and virtue. Plato and Confucius challenges Hammurabi’s idea of using law to develop a society. They claim that these laws create greed in the society instead of creating harmony. They believe in harmony and peace in the society. They argue t hat moral truth is practiced by everyone in the society. They discourage the self-government form of society because their main focus is on the individuality. Both Confucius and Plato believed that intelligence and virtue are the most important factors that can be used in developing the society. From Confucius point of view, he argues that anyone who has gone to school and has gained some knowledge has the chance of ruling the society. From Plato’s view, he said that not everyone who was educated was able to rule the society. He

'Restoring Communities and Young Offenders A Critical Evaluation of Essay

'Restoring Communities and Young Offenders A Critical Evaluation of Restorative Justice' - Essay Example Unfortunately, over the last 10 years the number of crimes committed by young people has much increased and there is an urgent need to review and reform the existing restorative practices in order to prevent further crime growth. The concluding section outlines the key points of restorative justice reform. Restorative justice has started to evolve based on the need for healing relationship as opposed to the criminal justice under which the hurt is balanced to hurt (Braithwaite, 157). The aim of the restorative justice is to create the process when all of the parties have the opportunity to be heard with respect to their views of the crime and development of the program to restore victims, offenders and the communities. According to Andrew Ashworth, restorative justice is the process when victims and offenders collectively decide on how to deal with the consequences of the crime and its impact on the future (164). Restorative justice has the aim of fully attending the needs of the victims, not only material and financial, but as well as emotional and social and preventing the possibility of potential re-offending through the integration of young offenders into the community again. Through restorative justice offenders learn how to assume the responsibility for their actions and become the part of the working community. Therefore, victims and offenders are the two major parties of attention. The society tends to reject criminals and it is completely understood – nobody wants to risk and guess whether he/she can become the next victim. For this reason people do not want to associate with those who have problems with the law. Victims are not always willing to share their emotions because of fear to be misunderstood and rejected by the society. Both parties feel being idle in society and restorative justice helps both offenders and victims to become active community members

solar energy Essay -- essays research papers

Solar Energy All life on Earth depends on energy from the sun. Solar energy is the source of energy for photosynthesis. It provides the warmth necessary for plants and animals to survive. Scientists have found a way to use God’s natural light towards the advantage of our daily lives. The affects of this idea revolutionary, results of solar power could lead to a more modernized society and efficient economy. Solar energy is a term that usually means the direct use of sunlight to produce heat or electric power. Solar technology is improving rapidly. Someday, it may provide a clean and abundant source of power. Solar energy is a very useful resource. Today 80% of the energy we use comes from fossil fuels and about 1% comes from solar energy. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable, that means that they are used up faster than they could be replaced. Also fossil fuels limited and cause pollution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recently, there has been talk about creating a whole livable society in which all essential sources of man-made energy, which is virtually pollution-free and affordable, seems impossible. Although such a concept seems like science fiction today, real efforts are underway to assure that by the late 21st century, what once seemed like a dream, will soon be reality. Cars will soon have no use for fuel and will be powered by solar energy. There are also plans to manufacture solar powered homes. By doing this families can cut electricity...

Feminism in Pakistan

Out of the fifteen people asked, 53% of the survey population responded negatively to the question inquiring whether men were equal to women. Zahra Mania, a secretary for a business organization claimed that in our society, there is a substantial gap in the rights of men and women. The interviewee claimed that despite both sexes being intellectually equal, preference is given to men in acquiring important jobs such as being CEO, CFO, etc. Another respondent, who opted to remain anonymous backed this point by stating that women are far more likely to attain low-paying jobs such as being secretaries or receptionists.A journalist refuted these points by saying that in her profession, men were given equal rights to women and that in order to be promoted, a person’s work was taken into consideration, not his or her gender. Similarly, another journalist agreed with this point, adding further that equality between men and women is mostly dependant on the customs of a society, and the career one wishes to pursue. When asked about what would have to change before men and women achieved true equality, 18% responded negatively stating that in a patriarchal society, it would be nearly impossible for men and women to achieve equal rights.The rest 82% had optimistic views, claiming that while it would indeed be difficult to change the mindset of people who firmly believe in male dominance, a good start would be with the family. Many respondents believed that children need to be socialized in such a way where they believe that male and females are equal. If a boy is brought up to believe that he is no different from his sister, he will have a more positive outlook on life claimed Sana Memon. Another respondent stated that the oppression of women had to come to an end and in doing so, education would play a big part.According to her, education would eradicate ignorance within a persons character, and would lead to a deeper understanding of the other sex. When asked the question of what change does one wish to see regarding women’s rights, male respondents generally claimed that they did not want the workings of society changed. Ahmed Shehzab, an accountant, stated that women’s rightful place is at home, looking after the family whereas men have a duty to generate income and provide for their family.Similarly, another businessman claimed that women are inferior to men in both intelligence and physical exertion, and are therefore unable to handle the strain of leading a company. However, many respondents refuted these points by saying that women should be given more freedom. Nausheen Afzal claimed that in western countries, women are more liberated and are allowed to participate in almost anything. Being a pro-feminist, she believes that the same rights should be implemented in Pakistan. 72% of the survey population believe that the family plays an important part in gender role socialization.Fahaama Khalid, a housewife, believes that c hildren are heavily influenced by the perceptions and thoughts of their family, with whom they spend a lot of time. She believes that (specifically in Pakistan), girls are socialized in such a way that they are lead to believe that they are physically weaker than men and lack male dominant qualities. Girls are primarily raised to be mothers and care-takers of the household and are expected to obey their husbands rules. Similarly, Farhana Farooq who is a shopkeeper, believes that the family plays a crucial role in a child’s life.It is the family, she says, who influences the child using both direct and indirect methods. Direct methods, she explains, includes sending children to segregated schools and stopping girls from participating in athletic activities whereas indirect methods are when a child looks at his family, sees his father as the head and his mother as a nurturing woman, and automatically assumes that that is what is normal. Faareha Ansar, a waitress, refutes these points by saying that education is what has a more important role in a child’s life, for it is through knowledge and its application that children realize how society works. 1% of the survey population is of the belief that gender plays an important role in a person’s life chances. Anushe Zafar, a salesclerk says that in a patriarchal and close-minded society as the one in Pakistan, high-paying jobs are generally offered to men. She states that despite the fact that a female may have the same qualifications as a male, males are more likely to be favoured for jobs. Hassan Javed backs this point, saying that women are far more likely to attain positions such as receptionists or PA’s in lieu of occupations such as CEO’s or CFO’s. There are mixed views when considering feminism to be defensive or offensive. 3% of the survey population believes that feminism is offensive and ridiculous. Waleed Khan, a shopkeeper, says that feminism is a waste of time an d an excuse for women. However, many others refuted this point by claiming that women have a right to be heard, to have their sufferings acknowledged and appreciated and also to maintain equal status with men at all levels. The hypothesis of this report is that Pakistan has a patriarchal society and does not give much freedom to women. Many respondents have proved for this theory to be true, giving their honest opinions and using examples from their work life.

Social Media Can Benefit Healthcare Delivery And Management

With the advancement of modern technology, social media is increasingly finding use in healthcare delivery and management. Health professionals including doctors, nurses and therapists have adopted social media to communicate with their patients and for health sensitization. Social media can benefit healthcare delivery in a variety of ways including fostering professional connections, patient and community education and promoting communication with patients and families. On the other hand, use of social media in healthcare exposes patients’ data to breaches and leakages creating confidentiality issues. Misuse of patient data results in serious career penalties for negligent medical professionals. Protocols have been established to oversee the use of social medial by health practitioners. The paper seeks to explore the recognized rules that regulate the use of social media, and its risks and benefits. 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